While these companies are important, and grab the attention of a global audience, it is the role of small to medium enterprises (known as small, medium and micro enterprises in South Africa) that often goes unnoticed. The World Bank estimates that small to medium enterprises contribute as much as 60% to some economies and can employ as much as 50% of the working population in those countries. Entrepreneurship plays a far bigger role as an economic driver than major corporations do.
Yet, the entrepreneurship statistics in South Africa are frightening. Research shows that very few South African SMMEs survive longer than three and a half years. "This is a significant problem and one that needs to be addressed if we want to change the South African narrative and address the economic challenges that the country faces," says Dr Marlini Moodley, an academic, business advisor and an author in the marketing department at Mancosa. She adds that addressing these challenges will be difficult.
Entrepreneurship is currently regarded as the panacea for social ills and is promoted in government policies and strategies around the world. This is done to stimulate economic activity, increase employment rates, and promote international competitiveness.
“Yet access to this is often beyond many South Africans. Entrepreneurs cannot just start a business without any form of formal education. And while there are many tertiary institutions that are offering courses in entrepreneurship, access to these institutions is focused on urban centres. What happens to top rural entrepreneurs?” asks Moodley.
The next challenge is access to capital. Starting a business is expensive and entrepreneurs need a significant cushion to fund themselves as the business finds its feet. “Many entrepreneurs need start-up funding. There are initiatives in urban centres where this is possible. But you need to provide these funds with a well thought through prospectus which many aspiring entrepreneurs struggle to put together without any formal education or the help of a business mentor. Once again, these funds are mostly based in urban centres, so rural entrepreneurs struggle to access these funds,” says Moodley.
While South Africa is fast becoming a highly digitised and connected economy, the majority of South African businesses cannot be digitised and require an office space or shop space to operate. “In the urban centres such as Johannesburg, Cape Town and Durban, renting office space or business space is very expensive and is out of the financial means of many new entrepreneurs. There are business hubs that are emerging whereby entrepreneurs can rent space by the hour or for a full day/half day. But they need more than this,” says Moodley.
Finally, the lack of marketing skills is another major challenge that many companies have. “While many entrepreneurs have a great idea for a business, many entrepreneurs struggle to market themselves or their products. Marketing is often regarded as an afterthought in many companies who only allocate whatever budget they have left over on marketing efforts. Marketing is an exact science; if done properly, it can add significant benefit to a business. However, if it is done poorly, the business will stagnate and struggle to grow beyond its initial stages,” says Dr. Moodley.
While these challenges are significant, it is important that we make an effort to address them if we are going to achieve the objectives set out by the National Development Plan.
The best way to address this is to move towards the establishment of entrepreneurial universities.
"Universities’ frameworks, missions, strategies and resources focusing on entrepreneurship should be emphasised by the Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET)," says Moodley, "All higher education institutions should strive towards becoming university-based entrepreneurship ecosystems with internal and external interrelated elements of the university striving together to create an environment conducive to the development of student as well as staff entrepreneurs. The DHET needs to merge with private as well as public higher education institutions to provide support, policies and strategies."
Moodley adds that co-curricular entrepreneurship support activities need to be part of the education system. "We need to monitor the activities taking place outside of the formal curriculum of a university that has an entrepreneurship focus. This way, students can gain practical experience about what it is like to run a company.”
If we want to address the country's entrepreneurial challenges, universities will need to step up and play an important role.
University venture funding can be made available by government and business entities as part of their corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives. This will provide seed and early-stage funding to companies to support technology transfer and the commercialisation of university and public research results.
“Higher education institutions should consider preparing students for the competitive South African job market as well as making them employable globally through intrapreneurship where aspiring entrepreneurs can build on their great ideas and are allowed to take their concept to market within a company,” says Moodley.
She adds that support is critical: “Workshops, incubators, business seminars, seed funding, competitions and many other initiatives need to be launched to support students. Finally, free access to entrepreneurial short courses for students whose course programmes do not have business or entrepreneurship courses need to be made available.”
