Based on data from a national survey of 1,641 toddlers, the study found that 20% of overweight toddlers were iron-deficient, compared to 8% of those at risk for being overweight, and 7% of normal-weight toddlers.
The study, appearing in the September issue of the journal Pediatrics, is the first to report an association between iron deficiency and being overweight among children as young as 1 to 3 years old.
The study also found that 10% of the study's toddlers not in day care had iron deficiency, while only about 5% of toddlers who were enrolled in day care had iron deficiency.
“Given the detrimental long-term effects and high prevalence of iron deficiency, preventing iron deficiency in early childhood is an important public health issue,” said Dr. Jane Brotanek, assistant professor of paediatrics at UT Southwestern and lead author of the study.
Iron deficiency, a common cause of anaemia, results in impaired bone marrow and muscle function. Iron-deficiency anaemia in infancy and early childhood is associated with behavioural and cognitive delays, including impaired learning, decreased school achievement, and lower scores on tests of mental and motor development.
Several studies have demonstrated a high prevalence of iron deficiency in the United States among low-income infants and children, who may experience food insecurity and have diets low in iron.
In the current study, Dr. Brotanek and her colleagues used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV, for a nationally representative sample of U.S. children 1 to 3 years old. The NHANES IV was conducted by the National Centre for Health Statistics from 1999 through 2002. Participating families were asked to complete an extensive household interview and have a medical examination in a mobile health centre.
Among the 1,641 toddlers tested, 42% were Hispanic, 28% were white and 25% were black. Iron deficiency prevalence was 12% among Hispanics versus 6% of whites and 6% of blacks. Fourteen% of toddlers with parents interviewed in a language other than English had iron deficiency versus 7% of toddlers with parents interviewed in English.
Dietary practices leading to iron deficiency include exclusive breastfeeding beyond six months not supplemented by iron-rich foods or vitamins with iron, early introduction of milk, prolonged bottle feeding, and excessive consumption of cow's milk. An association between maternal prenatal anaemia and iron deficiency has also been reported.
Dr. Brotanek said that children not weaned from the bottle at an appropriate age may become accustomed to drinking excessive amounts of milk and juices, leading to less appetite for a more balanced and healthy diet.
As for the discrepancy among iron deficiency rates for stay-at-home versus day care-enrolled children, Dr. Brotanek said the reason is unclear and needs to be further studied.
“It may be that children enrolled in day care centres have better diets, with higher amounts of iron, than children who do not attend day care,” Dr. Brotanek said. “Little is known about the quantity and types of foods and beverages served in child care settings as well as staff training on nutrition.”
Hispanic toddlers were significantly more likely than white and black toddlers to be overweight and not in day care. The higher prevalence of these non-ethnic risk factors may account for the increased risk of iron deficiency among Hispanic toddlers. Dr. Brotanek said community-based interventions should consider this racial/ethnic disparity and the increased risk of iron deficiency among overweight toddlers when implementing prevention programs.
Other researchers involved in the study were senior author Dr. Glenn Flores, professor of paediatrics at UT Southwestern and director of the division of general paediatrics at Children's Medical Centre Dallas, as well as researchers from the Medical College of Wisconsin and the New York University School of Medicine.
